Key Data Set Information | |
Location | CA |
Geographical representativeness description | “The surveyed data is representative of the BC CLT industry as the 3 surveyed facilities represent all currently operating CLT manufacturing facilities in BC.” |
Reference year | 2021 |
Name |
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Use advice for data set | Users of this data should consider the specific details of the CLT production process in British Columbia, including the materials and energy flows involved from cradle-to-gate. The data focuses on the production stages (upstream activities, transportation, and manufacturing, including packaging) but does not include use or end-of-life stages. Data users must ensure that recycling, energy recovery, and waste treatment processes for CLT are modeled according to local specificities if expanding beyond gate-to-gate. Environmental impacts from capital equipment and human activities are excluded and should be considered if relevant for the expanded system boundary. Always refer to the latest standards and apply up-to-date characterization factors when conducting an LCA with this data. |
Technical purpose of product or process | Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is used as a structural material in building construction for walls, floors, and roofs. It is characterized by its solid wood panel composition, providing a sustainable and strong alternative in modern construction, suitable for residential, commercial, and institutional buildings. |
Classification |
Class name
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Hierarchy level
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General comment on data set | The Athena Sustainable Materials Institute was commissioned by the Forestry Innovation Investment to conduct a cradle-to-gate LCA of BC CLT production. CLT is a category of framing styles characterized by the use of solid wood panels for wall, floor, and roof construction. |
Copyright | No |
Owner of data set | |
Quantitative reference | |
Reference flow(s) |
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Functional Unit | the production of one cubic meter (1 m3) of CLT produced in British Columbia |
Time representativeness | |
Data set valid until | 2022 |
Time representativeness description | Based on the secondary data sources part of the report, the data quality of Kiln-dried Softwood Lumber can be good within one year. |
Technological representativeness | |
Technology description including background system | The whole production process of CLT can be divided into three parts-A1, A2, and A3:“A1 includes the cradle-to-gate production of lumber and resins that are used in CLT manufacture. The upstream resource extraction includes removal of raw materials and processing, processing of secondary material input (e.g., recycling processes) after crossing the system boundary of the previous product system. A1 also includes reforestation processes that include nursery operations (which include fertilizer, irrigation, energy for greenhouses if applicable etc.), site preparation, as well as planting, fertilization, thinning and other management operations.”“For A2-Transportation to factory: Average or specific transportation of raw materials (including secondary materials and fuels) from extraction site or source to manufacturing site (including any recovered materials from source to be recycled in the process);”“In terms of A3, manufacturing of the CLT product, including packaging.” |
Flow diagram(s) or picture(s) |
LCI method and allocation | |||||
Type of data set | Unit process, single operation | ||||
LCI Method Principle | Attributional | ||||
Deviation from LCI method principle / explanations | None | ||||
LCI method approaches |
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Deviations from LCI method approaches / explanations | "Allocation is the method used to partition the environmental load of a process when several products or functions share the same process. CLT manufacturing is a single output process, where the CLT is the only product that is produced. The CLT manufacturing process does produce wood waste that is transferred for free to downstream users, but no environmental burden has been allocated to these wastes. The lumber input to the CLT manufacturing process is, however, a product that results from a multiple output process whereby valuable coproducts are produced and sold. In accordance with UL PCRs, “mass” was deemed as the most appropriate parameter for allocation of these inputs and thus the “mass allocation” results incorporate lumber data based on mass allocation. A detailed explanation of the lumber allocation methodology is provided in the lumber LCA project report” (Athena Sustainale Materials Institute, 2021, p. 8) | ||||
Deviation from modelling constants / explanations | None | ||||
Data sources, treatment and representativeness | |||||
Deviation from data cut-off and completeness principles / explanations | None | ||||
Data selection and combination principles | There are three information modules accounted for in this LCA study."Extraction and upstream production” includes the cradle-to-gate production of the softwood lumber feedstock as well as the production of all resins and ancillary materials used in the production of CLT."Transportation to factory” for all plants was by diesel tractor-trailer truck. The participating CLT facilities provided the transportation distances and mode of transportation for the facility inputs."Manufacturing” LCI data was gathered from a total of three plants all currently operating in BC. | ||||
Deviation from data selection and combination principles / explanations | None | ||||
Data treatment and extrapolations principles | “In the LCIA, the LCI flow of biogenic carbon removal is characterized with a factor of -1 kg CO2e/kg CO2 of biogenic carbon in the calculation of the GWP1. Likewise, the LCI flow of biogenic carbon emission is characterized with a factor of +1 kg CO2e/kg CO2 of biogenic carbon in the calculation of the GWP. Emissions other than CO2 associated with biomass combustion (e.g., methane or nitrogen oxides) are characterized by their specific radiative forcing factors in the calculation of the GWP.”“We have thus manually calculated the component of the global warming potential related to biogenic carbon separately.”“For this study, the impact categories and characterization factors (CF)2 from the mid-point indicators of the U.S. EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts – TRACI 2.1 [3] were applied. The TRACI methodologies were developed specifically for the US using input parameters consistent with US locations and are consistent with the wood product PCR Part A.”“Other inventory parameters concerning material use, waste, water use and biogenic carbon were drawn from the LCI results. We followed the ACLCA’s Guidance to Calculating non-LCIA Inventory Metrics in Accordance with ISO 21930:2017”“Based on the data availability, an approach using average weighting factors was applied is this LCA study.” | ||||
Deviation from data treatment and extrapolations principles / explanations | None | ||||
Data source(s) used for this data set | |||||
Completeness | |||||
Completeness of product model | No statement | ||||
???common.completenessOtherProblemField??? | This is a “cradle-to gate” LCA study -leaving out the use and/or the end of life.Both human activity and capital equipment were excluded from the system boundary. The environmental effects of manufacturing and installing capital equipment and buildings have generally been shown to be minor relative to the throughput of materials and components over the useful lives of the buildings and equipment.The cut-off criteria for all activity stage flows considered within the system boundary conform with ISO 21930: 2017 Section 7.1.8. Specifically, the cut-off criteria were applied as follows:• All inputs and outputs for which data are available are included in the calculated effects and no collected core process data are excluded.• A one percent cut-off is considered for renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption and the total mass of inputs within a unit process. The sum of the total neglected flows does not exceed 5% of all energy consumption and mass of inputs.• All flows known to contribute a significant impact or to uncertainty are included.• The cut-off rules are not applied to hazardous and toxic material flows – all of which are included in the life cycle inventory.No material or energy input or output was knowingly excluded from the system boundary.Biogenic carbon enters the product system (removal) as primary or secondary material. The carbon removal is considered a negative emission. The biogenic carbon leaves the system (emission) as product, coproducts, and directly to the atmosphere when combusted. These mass flows of biogenic carbon from and to nature are listed in the LCI and expressed in kg CO2. | ||||
Validation | |||||
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Data generator | |
Data set generator / modeller | |
Data entry by | |
Time stamp (last saved) | 2024-04-24T13:15:25+08:00 |
Publication and ownership | |
UUID | 5b66f9e9-6bcd-4bce-b33a-70cf3fe69a93 |
Date of last revision | 2024-05-13T15:08:24.814353+08:00 |
Data set version | 01.00.005 |
Permanent data set URI | https://lcadata.tiangong.world/showProcess.xhtml?uuid=5b66f9e9-6bcd-4bce-b33a-70cf3fe69a93&version=01.00.000&stock=TianGong |
Owner of data set | |
Copyright | No |
License type | Free of charge for all users and uses |
Inputs
Type of flow | Classification | Flow | Location | Mean amount | Resulting amount | Minimum amount | Maximum amount | ||
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Product flow | Materials production / Wood | 1.09 m3 | 1.09 m3 | ||||||
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Product flow | Materials production / Organic chemicals | 2.36 kg | 2.36 kg | ||||||
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Product flow | Materials production / Other materials | 0.17 kg | 0.17 kg | ||||||
Product flow | Materials production / Organic chemicals | 0.02 kg | 0.02 kg | ||||||
Product flow | Materials production / Organic chemicals | 0.0061 kg | 0.0061 kg | ||||||
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Elementary flow | Resources / Resources from water / Renewable material resources from water | 0.01351 m3 | 0.01351 m3 | ||||||
Product flow | Transport services / Other transport | 169.62 kg | 169.62 kg | ||||||
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Product flow | Transport services / Other transport | 9.83 kg | 9.83 kg | ||||||
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Product flow | Energy carriers and technologies / Electricity | 304.92 MJ | 304.92 MJ | ||||||
Elementary flow | Resources / Resources from ground / Non-renewable energy resources from ground | 1.56 MJ | 1.56 MJ | ||||||
Product flow | Energy carriers and technologies / Crude oil based fuels | 0.00101 kg | 0.00101 kg | ||||||
Product flow | Energy carriers and technologies / Crude oil based fuels | 8.0E-5 kg | 8.0E-5 kg | ||||||
Product flow | Materials production / Organic chemicals | 1.56 kg | 1.56 kg | ||||||
Product flow | Energy carriers and technologies / Renewable fuels | 40.06 kg | 40.06 kg | ||||||
Product flow | Materials production / Other materials | 1.0E-5 kg | 1.0E-5 kg | ||||||
Product flow | Materials production / Organic chemicals | 1.0E-5 m3 | 1.0E-5 m3 | ||||||
Product flow | Materials production / Plastics | 0.01 kg | 0.01 kg | ||||||
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Product flow | Materials production / Plastics | 0.28 kg | 0.28 kg | ||||||
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Product flow | Transport services / Other transport | 0.23 kg | 0.23 kg | ||||||
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Outputs
Type of flow | Classification | Flow | Location | Mean amount | Resulting amount | Minimum amount | Maximum amount | ||
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Waste flow | Wastes / Other waste | 38.52 kg | 38.52 kg | ||||||
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Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 0.00151 kg | 0.00151 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 0.00105 kg | 0.00105 kg | ||||||
Product flow | Emissions / Inorganic covalent compounds | 2.84E-4 kg | 2.84E-4 kg | ||||||
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Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 0.024 kg | 0.024 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 0.00126 kg | 0.00126 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 0.0297 kg | 0.0297 kg | ||||||
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Product flow | Emissions / Other substance type | 0.0015 kg | 0.0015 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 8.89E-5 kg | 8.89E-5 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 2.59E-4 kg | 2.59E-4 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 3.66E-4 kg | 3.66E-4 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 1.1E-4 kg | 1.1E-4 kg | ||||||
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Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 2.57E-4 kg | 2.57E-4 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to soil / Emissions to soil, unspecified | 7.32E-5 kg | 7.32E-5 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 5.12E-4 kg | 5.12E-4 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 6.61E-4 kg | 6.61E-4 kg | ||||||
Elementary flow | Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to air, unspecified | 1.1E-4 kg | 1.1E-4 kg | ||||||
Product flow | Materials production / Wood | 1.0 m3 | 1.0 m3 |